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Cd On The Periodic Table

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Chemical element, symbol Cd and diminutive number 48

Cadmium, 48 Cd
Cadmium-crystal bar.jpg
Cadmium
Pronunciation ​( KAD-mee-əm)
Advent silvery blue-gray metallic
Standard atomic weight A r°(Cd)
  • 112.414±0.004
  • 112.41±0.01 (abridged)[1]
Cadmium in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Pb Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson
Zn
↑
Cd
↓
Hg
silver ← cadmium → indium
Diminutive number (Z) 48
Group grouping 12
Period period v
Block d-block
Electron configuration [Kr] 4d10 5stwo
Electrons per trounce 2, 8, eighteen, eighteen, 2
Physical properties
Phase atSTP solid
Melting indicate 594.22 One thousand ​(321.07 °C, ​609.93 °F)
Boiling point 1040 1000 ​(767 °C, ​1413 °F)
Density (nearr.t.) viii.65 g/cm3
when liquid (atm.p.) 7.996 g/cmiii
Heat of fusion six.21 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization 99.87 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity 26.020 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure level
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 thou 10 g 100 k
at T (K) 530 583 654 745 867 1040
Atomic properties
Oxidation states −ii, +1, +ii (a mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity Pauling scale: 1.69
Ionization energies
  • 1st: 867.viii kJ/mol
  • 2nd: 1631.4 kJ/mol
  • tertiary: 3616 kJ/mol
Diminutive radius empirical: 151 pm
Covalent radius 144±9 pm
Van der Waals radius 158 pm

Color lines in a spectral range

Spectral lines of cadmium
Other backdrop
Natural occurrence primordial
Crystal structure ​hexagonal close-packed (hcp)

Hexagonal close packed crystal structure for cadmium

Speed of sound thin rod 2310 one thousand/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion 30.eight µm/(m⋅One thousand) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity 96.6 Due west/(thousand⋅K)
Electrical resistivity 72.vii nΩ⋅m (at 22 °C)
Magnetic ordering diamagnetic[ii]
Tooth magnetic susceptibility −nineteen.8×10−6  cm3/mol[iii]
Young'due south modulus 50 GPa
Shear modulus nineteen GPa
Bulk modulus 42 GPa
Poisson ratio 0.30
Mohs hardness 2.0
Brinell hardness 203–220 MPa
CAS Number 7440-43-9
History
Discovery and first isolation Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer (1817)
Named by Friedrich Stromeyer (1817)
Chief isotopes of cadmium
Iso­tope Abun­dance Half-life (t 1/two) Decay style Pro­duct
106Cd one.25% stable
107Cd syn half-dozen.v h ε 107Ag
108Cd 0.89% stable
109Cd syn 462.half-dozen d ε 109Ag
110Cd 12.47% stable
111Cd 12.80% stable
112Cd 24.11% stable
113Cd 12.23% 7.7×1015 y β− 113In
113mCd syn fourteen.1 y β− 113In
It 113Cd
114Cd 28.75% stable
115Cd syn 53.46 h β− 115In
116Cd 7.51% 3.i×x19 y β−β− 116Sn
 Category: Cadmium
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Cadmium is a element with the symbol Cd and atomic number 48. This soft, silver-white metallic is chemically like to the 2 other stable metals in group 12, zinc and mercury. Like zinc, information technology demonstrates oxidation state +ii in most of its compounds, and like mercury, information technology has a lower melting betoken than the transition metals in groups three through 11. Cadmium and its congeners in group 12 are often not considered transition metals, in that they practise not take partly filled d or f electron shells in the elemental or mutual oxidation states. The average concentration of cadmium in Earth's chaff is between 0.one and 0.5 parts per million (ppm). It was discovered in 1817 simultaneously by Stromeyer and Hermann, both in Frg, as an impurity in zinc carbonate.

Cadmium occurs every bit a minor component in almost zinc ores and is a byproduct of zinc production. Cadmium was used for a long time every bit a corrosion-resistant plating on steel, and cadmium compounds are used equally cherry, orange and yellow pigments, to colour glass, and to stabilize plastic. Cadmium use is generally decreasing because it is toxic (it is specifically listed in the European Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive[4]) and nickel-cadmium batteries take been replaced with nickel-metal hydride and lithium-ion batteries. Ane of its few new uses is in cadmium telluride solar panels.

Although cadmium has no known biological function in higher organisms, a cadmium-dependent carbonic anhydrase has been found in marine diatoms.

Characteristics [edit]

Physical properties [edit]

Cadmium is a soft, malleable, ductile, silvery-white divalent metal. It is similar in many respects to zinc simply forms complex compounds.[5] Unlike most other metals, cadmium is resistant to corrosion and is used every bit a protective plate on other metals. As a bulk metal, cadmium is insoluble in water[6] and is not flammable; however, in its powdered form it may burn and release toxic fumes.[7]

Chemical properties [edit]

Although cadmium usually has an oxidation country of +2, it also exists in the +ane country. Cadmium and its congeners are not always considered transition metals, in that they do not have partly filled d or f electron shells in the elemental or common oxidation states.[viii] Cadmium burns in air to form brown baggy cadmium oxide (CdO); the crystalline course of this compound is a night ruddy which changes color when heated, similar to zinc oxide. Hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and nitric acid dissolve cadmium by forming cadmium chloride (CdCl2), cadmium sulfate (CdSO4), or cadmium nitrate (Cd(NO3)2). The oxidation state +one can exist produced by dissolving cadmium in a mixture of cadmium chloride and aluminium chloride, forming the Cd2 2+ cation, which is like to the Hgii 2+ cation in mercury(I) chloride.[v]

Cd + CdCl2 + ii AlCl3 → Cdtwo(AlClfour)two

The structures of many cadmium complexes with nucleobases, amino acids, and vitamins have been determined.[nine]

Isotopes [edit]

The cadmium-113 full cantankerous section clearly showing the cadmium cut-off

Naturally occurring cadmium is composed of eight isotopes. Two of them are radioactive, and three are expected to decay but accept not done so nether laboratory conditions. The two natural radioactive isotopes are 113Cd (beta decay, one-half-life is 7.vii×ten15 y) and 116Cd (two-neutrino double beta decay, half-life is 2.9×ten19 y). The other 3 are 106Cd, 108Cd (both double electron capture), and 114Cd (double beta disuse); only lower limits on these half-lives have been determined. At to the lowest degree three isotopes – 110Cd, 111Cd, and 112Cd – are stable. Among the isotopes that do non occur naturally, the most long-lived are 109Cd with a half-life of 462.six days, and 115Cd with a half-life of 53.46 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes take half-lives of less than 2.5 hours, and the majority accept half-lives of less than 5 minutes. Cadmium has eight known meta states, with the virtually stable being 113mCd (t 1⁄ii = fourteen.1 years), 115mCd (t 1⁄2 = 44.6 days), and 117mCd (t 1⁄2 = 3.36 hours).[10]

The known isotopes of cadmium range in atomic mass from 94.950 u (95Cd) to 131.946 u (132Cd). For isotopes lighter than 112 u, the primary decay manner is electron capture and the ascendant disuse production is element 47 (silver). Heavier isotopes decay mostly through beta emission producing element 49 (indium).[10]

1 isotope of cadmium, 113Cd, absorbs neutrons with high selectivity: With very loftier probability, neutrons with energy below the cadmium cut-off will be captivated; those higher than the cutting-off will be transmitted. The cadmium cut-off is about 0.5 eV, and neutrons below that level are deemed ho-hum neutrons, singled-out from intermediate and fast neutrons.[11]

Cadmium is created via the south-procedure in low- to medium-mass stars with masses of 0.6 to 10 solar masses, over thousands of years. In that procedure, a silver cantlet captures a neutron and then undergoes beta decay.[12]

History [edit]

Cadmium (Latin cadmia, Greek καδμεία meaning "calamine", a cadmium-bearing mixture of minerals that was named after the Greek mythological character Κάδμος, Cadmus, the founder of Thebes) was discovered in contaminated zinc compounds sold in pharmacies in Germany[thirteen] in 1817 by Friedrich Stromeyer.[14] Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann simultaneously investigated the discoloration in zinc oxide and constitute an impurity, beginning suspected to be arsenic, because of the yellow precipitate with hydrogen sulfide. Additionally Stromeyer discovered that one supplier sold zinc carbonate instead of zinc oxide.[4] Stromeyer found the new chemical element as an impurity in zinc carbonate (calamine), and, for 100 years, Deutschland remained the only important producer of the metal. The metallic was named after the Latin discussion for calamine, because information technology was found in this zinc ore. Stromeyer noted that some impure samples of calamine changed colour when heated but pure calamine did not. He was persistent in studying these results and eventually isolated cadmium metal past roasting and reducing the sulfide. The potential for cadmium yellow as paint was recognized in the 1840s, but the lack of cadmium limited this application.[15] [16] [17]

Even though cadmium and its compounds are toxic in certain forms and concentrations, the British Pharmaceutical Codex from 1907 states that cadmium iodide was used as a medication to treat "enlarged joints, scrofulous glands, and chilblains".[xviii]

In 1907, the International Astronomical Spousal relationship defined the international ångström in terms of a crimson cadmium spectral line (i wavelength = 6438.46963 Å).[19] [20] This was adopted by the 7th General Conference on Weights and Measures in 1927. In 1960, the definitions of both the metre and ångström were changed to utilize krypton.[21]

After the industrial scale production of cadmium started in the 1930s and 1940s, the major application of cadmium was the coating of iron and steel to preclude corrosion; in 1944, 62% and in 1956, 59% of the cadmium in the United States was used for plating.[iv] [22] In 1956, 24% of the cadmium in the United States was used for a 2d awarding in red, orange and yellow pigments from sulfides and selenides of cadmium.[22]

The stabilizing consequence of cadmium chemicals like the carboxylates cadmium laurate and cadmium stearate on PVC led to an increased utilize of those compounds in the 1970s and 1980s. The demand for cadmium in pigments, coatings, stabilizers, and alloys declined as a result of environmental and health regulations in the 1980s and 1990s; in 2006, only vii% of to total cadmium consumption was used for plating, and only x% was used for pigments.[four] At the same time, these decreases in consumption were compensated past a growing need for cadmium for nickel-cadmium batteries, which deemed for 81% of the cadmium consumption in the Usa in 2006.[23]

Occurrence [edit]

Cadmium makes up about 0.one ppm of Globe's crust. It is much rarer than zinc, which makes up nigh 65 ppm.[24] No meaning deposits of cadmium-containing ores are known. The only cadmium mineral of importance, greenockite (CdS), is about always associated with sphalerite (ZnS). This clan is caused past geochemical similarity between zinc and cadmium, with no geological process probable to split them. Thus, cadmium is produced mainly as a byproduct of mining, smelting, and refining sulfidic ores of zinc, and, to a lesser degree, pb and copper. Pocket-size amounts of cadmium, about 10% of consumption, are produced from secondary sources, mainly from grit generated by recycling iron and steel bit. Production in the United States began in 1907,[17] merely wide apply began after World State of war I.[25] [26]

Metallic cadmium can be plant in the Vilyuy River basin in Siberia.[27]

Rocks mined for phosphate fertilizers contain varying amounts of cadmium, resulting in a cadmium concentration of every bit much as 300 mg/kg in the fertilizers and a high cadmium content in agricultural soils.[28] [29] Coal can contain significant amounts of cadmium, which ends up mostly in coal wing ash.[30] Cadmium in soil can exist absorbed past crops such every bit rice. Chinese ministry of agriculture measured in 2002 that 28% of rice information technology sampled had excess atomic number 82 and 10% had excess cadmium to a higher place limits defined by law. Some plants such equally willow trees and poplars take been found to clean both lead and cadmium from soil.[31]

Typical groundwork concentrations of cadmium practise not exceed v ng/m3 in the atmosphere; ii mg/kg in soil; 1 μg/L in freshwater and fifty ng/L in seawater.[32] Concentrations of cadmium to a higher place 10 μg/L may be stable in water having depression full solute concentrations and p H and can exist difficult to remove by conventional water handling processes.[33]

Production [edit]

Cadmium is a common impurity in zinc ores, and information technology is most frequently isolated during the production of zinc. Some zinc ores concentrates from zinc sulfate ores incorporate up to one.four% of cadmium.[34] In the 1970s, the output of cadmium was 6.5 pounds (ii.nine kg) per ton of zinc.[34] Zinc sulfide ores are roasted in the presence of oxygen, converting the zinc sulfide to the oxide. Zinc metallic is produced either by smelting the oxide with carbon or by electrolysis in sulfuric acid. Cadmium is isolated from the zinc metal past vacuum distillation if the zinc is smelted, or cadmium sulfate is precipitated from the electrolysis solution.[26] [35]

The British Geological Survey reports that in 2001, China was the meridian producer of cadmium with virtually one-sixth of the world'southward production, closely followed by Republic of korea and Japan.[36]

  • History of the world production of cadmium

    History of the world product of cadmium

  • Cadmium production in 2010.

    Cadmium product in 2010.

Applications [edit]

Cadmium is a mutual component of electric batteries, pigments,[37] coatings,[38] and electroplating.[39]

Batteries [edit]

In 2009, 86% of cadmium was used in batteries, predominantly in rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries. Nickel-cadmium cells have a nominal jail cell potential of 1.2 V. The cell consists of a positive nickel hydroxide electrode and a negative cadmium electrode plate separated by an alkaline electrolyte (potassium hydroxide).[xl] The European Marriage put a limit on cadmium in electronics in 2004 of 0.01%,[41] with some exceptions, and in 2006 reduced the limit on cadmium content to 0.002%.[42] Another blazon of bombardment based on cadmium is the silver-cadmium bombardment.

Electroplating [edit]

Cadmium electroplating, consuming 6% of the global production, is used in the aircraft industry to reduce corrosion of steel components.[39] This blanket is passivated by chromate salts.[38] A limitation of cadmium plating is hydrogen embrittlement of high-forcefulness steels from the electroplating process. Therefore, steel parts heat-treated to tensile strength above 1300 MPa (200 ksi) should be coated by an alternative method (such every bit special depression-embrittlement cadmium electroplating processes or concrete vapor deposition).

Titanium embrittlement from cadmium-plated tool residues resulted in banishment of those tools (and the implementation of routine tool testing to detect cadmium contamination) in the A-12/SR-71, U-ii, and subsequent aircraft programs that use titanium.[43]

Nuclear fission [edit]

Cadmium is used in the control rods of nuclear reactors, acting every bit a very effective neutron poisonous substance to control neutron flux in nuclear fission.[39] When cadmium rods are inserted in the cadre of a nuclear reactor, cadmium absorbs neutrons, preventing them from creating additional fission events, thus controlling the amount of reactivity. The pressurized h2o reactor designed past Westinghouse Electrical Company uses an blend consisting of 80% silver, 15% indium, and 5% cadmium.[39]

Televisions [edit]

QLED TVs take been starting to include cadmium in structure. Some companies have been looking to reduce the ecology impact of man exposure and pollution of the material in televisions during production.[44]

Anticancer drugs [edit]

Complexes based on heavy metals accept great potential for the treatment of a broad variety of cancers merely their utilize is often limited due to toxic side effects. Withal, scientists are advancing in the field and new promising cadmium circuitous compounds with reduced toxicity have been discovered.[45]

Compounds [edit]

Cadmium oxide was used in black and white television set phosphors and in the blue and dark-green phosphors of color television cathode ray tubes.[46] Cadmium sulfide (CdS) is used as a photoconductive surface coating for photocopier drums.[47]

Various cadmium salts are used in pigment pigments, with CdS as a yellowish pigment being the well-nigh common. Cadmium selenide is a ruby pigment, commonly called cadmium ruddy. To painters who work with the pigment, cadmium provides the most brilliant and durable yellows, oranges, and reds – so much so that during product, these colors are significantly toned down before they are ground with oils and binders or blended into watercolors, gouaches, acrylics, and other paint and paint formulations. Considering these pigments are potentially toxic, users should utilize a barrier cream on the hands to prevent absorption through the skin[37] even though the corporeality of cadmium captivated into the torso through the pare is reported to be less than 1%.[7]

In PVC, cadmium was used as heat, lite, and weathering stabilizers.[39] [48] Currently, cadmium stabilizers have been completely replaced with barium-zinc, calcium-zinc and organo-tin can stabilizers. Cadmium is used in many kinds of solder and bearing alloys, considering it has a low coefficient of friction and fatigue resistance.[39] It is as well establish in some of the everyman-melting alloys, such as Wood'due south metallic.[49]

Semiconductors [edit]

Cadmium is an element in some semiconductor materials. Cadmium sulfide, cadmium selenide, and cadmium telluride are used in some photodetectors and solar cells. HgCdTe detectors are sensitive to mid-infrared light [39] and used in some motion detectors.

Laboratory uses [edit]

Helium–cadmium lasers are a common source of blue or ultraviolet laser lite. Lasers at wavelengths of 325, 354 and 442 nm are made using this gain medium; some models can switch between these wavelengths. They are notably used in fluorescence microscopy likewise as various laboratory uses requiring laser lite at these wavelengths.[50] [51]

Cadmium selenide breakthrough dots emit vivid luminescence under UV excitation (He-Cd laser, for example). The color of this luminescence tin can exist green, xanthous or red depending on the particle size. Colloidal solutions of those particles are used for imaging of biological tissues and solutions with a fluorescence microscope.[52]

In molecular biology, cadmium is used to block voltage-dependent calcium channels from fluxing calcium ions, every bit well equally in hypoxia research to stimulate proteasome-dependent degradation of Hif-1α.[53]

Cadmium-selective sensors based on the fluorophore BODIPY have been developed for imaging and sensing of cadmium in cells.[54] One powerful method for monitoring cadmium in aqueous environments involves electrochemistry. By employing a self-assembled monolayer i can obtain a cadmium selective electrode with a ppt-level sensitivity.[55]

Biological role and research [edit]

Cadmium has no known part in college organisms and is considered toxic.[56] Cadmium is considered an environmental pollutant that causes health hazard to living organisms.[57] Administration of cadmium to cells causes oxidative stress and increases the levels of antioxidants produced by cells to protect against macro molecular damage.[58]

However a cadmium-dependent carbonic anhydrase has been found in some marine diatoms.[59] The diatoms live in environments with very low zinc concentrations and cadmium performs the role usually carried out by zinc in other anhydrases. This was discovered with X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy.[59] [60]

Cadmium is preferentially absorbed in the kidneys of humans. Up to virtually xxx mg of cadmium is commonly inhaled throughout human babyhood and adolescence.[61] Cadmium is under research regarding its toxicity in humans, potentially elevating risks of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and osteoporosis.[62] [63] [64] [65]

Environment [edit]

The biogeochemistry of cadmium and its release to the surroundings has been the subject area of review, every bit has the speciation of cadmium in the environment.[66] [67]

Safety [edit]

Cadmium
Hazards
GHS labelling:[68]

Pictograms

 GHS06: Toxic GHS08: Health hazard GHS09: Environmental hazard

Bespeak give-and-take

 Danger

Adventure statements

 H301, H330, H341, H350, H361fd, H372, H410

Precautionary statements

 P201, P202, P260, P264, P273, P304+P340+P310
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)

iv

0

0

Chemical compound

Individuals and organizations have been reviewing cadmium's bioinorganic aspects for its toxicity.[69] The most unsafe form of occupational exposure to cadmium is inhalation of fine dust and fumes, or ingestion of highly soluble cadmium compounds.[four] Inhalation of cadmium fumes can result initially in metal fume fever, but may progress to chemical pneumonitis, pulmonary edema, and death.[70]

Cadmium is too an environmental adventure. Human being exposure is primarily from fossil fuel combustion, phosphate fertilizers, natural sources, fe and steel production, cement production and related activities, nonferrous metals production, and municipal solid waste matter incineration.[4] Other sources of cadmium include staff of life, root crops, and vegetables.[71]

There have been a few instances of general population poisoning every bit the issue of long-term exposure to cadmium in contaminated food and water. Research into an estrogen mimicry that may induce breast cancer is ongoing.[71] In the decades leading upward to Earth War 2, mining operations contaminated the Jinzū River in Japan with cadmium and traces of other toxic metals. As a consequence, cadmium accumulated in the rice crops forth the riverbanks downstream of the mines. Some members of the local agricultural communities consumed the contaminated rice and developed itai-itai disease and renal abnormalities, including proteinuria and glucosuria.[72] The victims of this poisoning were almost exclusively post-menopausal women with low atomic number 26 and low torso stores of other minerals. Similar general population cadmium exposures in other parts of the world accept non resulted in the same health problems because the populations maintained sufficient atomic number 26 and other mineral levels. Thus, although cadmium is a major cistron in the itai-itai disease in Japan, most researchers have concluded that it was ane of several factors.[4]

Cadmium is i of six substances banned by the European union's Restriction of Chancy Substances (RoHS) directive, which regulates hazardous substances in electric and electronic equipment, but allows for certain exemptions and exclusions from the scope of the police force.[73]

The International Bureau for Research on Cancer has classified cadmium and cadmium compounds as carcinogenic to humans.[74] Although occupational exposure to cadmium is linked to lung and prostate cancer, there is even so dubiety about the carcinogenicity of cadmium in depression environmental exposure. Recent data from epidemiological studies suggest that intake of cadmium through diet is associated with a higher hazard of endometrial, chest, and prostate cancer also as with osteoporosis in humans.[75] [76] [77] [78] A recent study has demonstrated that endometrial tissue is characterized by college levels of cadmium in electric current and erstwhile smoking females.[79]

Cadmium exposure is associated with a large number of illnesses including kidney disease,[80] early atherosclerosis, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases.[81] Although studies testify a significant correlation betwixt cadmium exposure and occurrence of disease in human being populations, a molecular machinery has non yet been identified. Ane hypothesis holds that cadmium is an endocrine disruptor and some experimental studies take shown that it can collaborate with different hormonal signaling pathways. For instance, cadmium tin bind to the estrogen receptor alpha,[82] [83] and affect betoken transduction along the estrogen and MAPK signaling pathways at depression doses.[84] [85] [86]

The tobacco plant absorbs and accumulates heavy metals such equally cadmium from the surrounding soil into its leaves. Following tobacco fume inhalation, these are readily absorbed into the body of users.[87] Tobacco smoking is the most important unmarried source of cadmium exposure in the general population. An estimated ten% of the cadmium content of a cigarette is inhaled through smoking. Absorption of cadmium through the lungs is more effective than through the gut. As much as l% of the cadmium inhaled in cigarette smoke may be absorbed.[88] On average, cadmium concentrations in the blood of smokers is 4 to 5 times greater than non-smokers and in the kidney, 2–3 times greater than in not-smokers. Despite the high cadmium content in cigarette smoke, in that location seems to be little exposure to cadmium from passive smoking.[89]

In a not-smoking population, food is the greatest source of exposure. Loftier quantities of cadmium can exist found in crustaceans, mollusks, offal, frog legs, cocoa solids, bitter and semi-biting chocolate, seaweed, fungi and algae products. However, grains, vegetables, and starchy roots and tubers are consumed in much greater quantity in the U.S., and are the source of the greatest dietary exposure there.[ninety] Virtually plants bio-accumulate metal toxins such as cadmium and when composted to form organic fertilizers, yield a product that often can contain loftier amounts (e.g., over 0.5 mg) of metallic toxins for every kilogram of fertilizer. Fertilizers made from animal dung (e.g., cow dung) or urban waste material tin contain similar amounts of cadmium. The cadmium added to the soil from fertilizers (rock phosphates or organic fertilizers) become bio-available and toxic only if the soil pH is low (i.e., acidic soils).

Zinc, copper, calcium, and iron ions, and selenium with vitamin C are used to treat cadmium intoxication, though it is not hands reversed.[lxxx]

Regulations [edit]

Because of the adverse effects of cadmium on the environs and human health, the supply and use of cadmium is restricted in Europe under the Accomplish Regulation.[91]

The EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain specifies that 2.5 μg/kg trunk weight is a tolerable weekly intake for humans.[xc] The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives has declared vii μg/kg torso weight to exist the provisional tolerable weekly intake level.[92] The state of California requires a food label to behave a warning about potential exposure to cadmium on products such as cocoa pulverisation.[93]

The U.Southward. Occupational Safety and Wellness Administration (OSHA) has set up the permissible exposure limit (PEL) for cadmium at a time-weighted average (TWA) of 0.005 ppm. The National Establish for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has not set a recommended exposure limit (REL) and has designated cadmium every bit a known human being carcinogen. The IDLH (immediately dangerous to life and health) level for cadmium is 9 mg/miii.[94]

Lethal dose[95] Organism Route Time
LDl: 225 mg/kg rat oral n/a
LD50: 890 mg/kg mouse oral n/a
LCl: 25 mg/m3 rat n/a xxx min

In addition to mercury, the presence of cadmium in some batteries has led to the requirement of proper disposal (or recycling) of batteries.

Product recalls [edit]

In May 2006, a auction of the seats from Arsenal F.C.'south former stadium, Highbury in London, England was cancelled when the seats were discovered to contain trace amounts of cadmium.[96] Reports of loftier levels of cadmium use in children's jewelry in 2010 led to a The states Consumer Production Safety Commission investigation.[97] The U.South. CPSC issued specific recall notices for cadmium content in jewelry sold by Claire's[98] and Wal-Mart[99] stores.

In June 2010, McDonald's voluntarily recalled more than 12 million promotional Shrek Forever After 3D Collectible Drinking Spectacles considering of the cadmium levels in paint pigments on the glassware.[100] The glasses were manufactured past Arc International, of Millville, NJ, USA.[101]

Come across also [edit]

  • Red List edifice materials
  • Toxic heavy metallic

References [edit]

  1. ^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Cadmium". CIAAW. 2013.
  2. ^ Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". CRC Handbook of Chemical science and Physics (PDF) (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN0-8493-0486-5.
  3. ^ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemic Rubber Visitor Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN0-8493-0464-4.
  4. ^ a b c d eastward f g Morrow, H. (2010). "Cadmium and Cadmium Alloys". Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemic Engineering science. John Wiley & Sons. pp. ane–36. doi:10.1002/0471238961.0301041303011818.a01.pub3. ISBN978-0-471-23896-vi.
  5. ^ a b Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E.; Wiberg, Nils (1985). "Cadmium". Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie, 91–100 (in German). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1056–1057. ISBN978-iii-xi-007511-iii.
  6. ^ "Cadmium 3.2.6 Solubility". PubChem. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
  7. ^ a b "Case Studies in Environmental Medicine (CSEM) Cadmium". Agency for Toxic Substances and Affliction Registry. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
  8. ^ Cotton wool, F. A. (1999). "Survey of Transition-Metal Chemical science". Advanced Inorganic Chemistry (6th ed.). John Wiley and Sons. p. 633. ISBN978-0-471-19957-one.
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Further reading [edit]

  • Hartwig, Andrea (2013). "Affiliate xv. Cadmium and cancer". In Astrid Sigel; Helmut Sigel; Roland K. O. Sigel (eds.). Cadmium: From Toxicology to Essentiality. Metallic Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. eleven. Springer. pp. 491–507. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5179-8_15. ISBN978-94-007-5178-one. PMID 23430782.

External links [edit]

Wait upwardly cadmium in Wiktionary, the costless dictionary.

Wikimedia Eatables has media related to Cadmium.

  • Cadmium at The Periodic Tabular array of Videos (University of Nottingham)
  • ATSDR Example Studies in Environmental Medicine: Cadmium Toxicity U.Due south. Department of Health and Human Services
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Wellness – Cadmium Page
  • NLM Chancy Substances Databank – Cadmium, Elemental

Cd On The Periodic Table,

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